Reporters Without Borders has issued a report entitled Enemies of the Internet in which it examines Internet censorship and other threats to online free expression in 22 countries.

The 12 ‘Enemies of the Internet’ - Burma, China, Cuba, Egypt, Iran, North Korea, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Vietnam - have all transformed their Internet into an Intranet in order to prevent their population from accessing ‘undesirable’ online information, Reporters Without Borders said.

All these countries distinguish themselves not only by their ability to censor online news and information but also by their virtually systematic persecution of troublesome Internet users, the press freedom organisation said. Reporters Without Borders has placed 10 other governments including Thailand under surveillance for adopting worrying measures that could open the way to abuses. The organisation draws particular attention to Australia and South Korea, where recent measures may endanger online free expression.

Not only is the Internet more and more controlled, but new forms of censorship are emerging based on the manipulation of information, Reporters Without Borders said: Orchestrating the posting of comments on popular websites or organising hacker attacks is also used by repressive regimes to scramble or jam online content.

A total of 70 cyber-dissidents are currently detained because of what they posted online. China is the world’s biggest prison for cyber-dissidents, followed by Vietnam and Iran.

Herdict Web crowd sources reports from users to discover, in real time, what users around the world are experiencing in terms of internet website blocking.

Herdict is a named coned from joining ‘herd’ and ‘verdict.’

Using Herdict Web, anyone anywhere can report websites as accessible or inaccessible. Herdict Web aggregates reports in real time, permitting participants to see if inaccessibility is a shared problem, giving them a better sense of potential reasons for why a site is inaccessible. Trends can be viewed over time, by site and by country.

Herdict Web is the brainchild of Professor Jonathan Zittrain (The Future of the Internet: And How to Stop It) and is part of The Berkman Center for Internet & Society.

2nd May 2010. See article from erictric.com

Beginning on the 1st of May, Afghanistan will begin filtering content on the internet, according to the Financial Times, noting that a senior official of the Afghani government believes gambling, alcohol, and pornography are against [their] values.

Twenty internet service providers will soon filter websites promoting porn, drugs, alcohol, dating, and weapons, though there's no word as to whether Jihadist-related material will be readily accessible by Afghani citizens.

6th January 2010. See article from advocacy.globalvoicesonline.org

Over the past few weeks, reports have trickled in to Herdict and via Twitter, alerting us of the filtering of individual Twitter pages in Tunisia and Bahrain (as well as, possibly, China). In Bahrain @FreeBahrain was reported as blocked on New Year's Day.

27th September 2009. See article from ifex.org

On 24 August 2009, Mohammed Albanki, the newly appointed Ministry of Information undersecretary, sent a letter to the Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (TRA) in Bahrain ordering the blocking of a further 1,040 sites, based on a January 2009 ministerial resolution, regulating the blocking of websites. The letter from Albanki referred to Article 2 of the resolution, which states that All telecommunications companies and Internet service providers shall block pornographic websites that breach public morality, thus giving the impression that the blocked sites are of a pornographic nature. Detailed information on the targeted sites, including server names, the sites' IP addresses and the originating countries, was also attached to the undersecretary's letter.

Since the Ministry of Information initiated and led its website regulation campaign, hundreds of websites, inside and outside Bahrain, have been blocked and banned within the country. These include many electronic public forums belonging to villages, religious, cultural and political establishments, as well as opposition and human rights organizations. The campaign did not exclude bloggers and specific pages in the Facebook and YouTube sites. The common element among these sites is that freedom of expression is respected and many subjects, which are considered subversive by the authorities and not favoured, are reported and discussed freely.

26th March 2009. See article from menassat.com

Sites that are currently inaccessible in Bahrain include independent newspaper Bahrain Times, the online current events forum Montadayat, and the Arabic Network for Human Rights Information (ANHRI).

The Bahraini authorities appear to have also turned their attention to social media, in an attempt to block dissident voices.

In a recent press release, BCHR accused Al-Khalifa of expanding the censorship campaign to social networking sites such as Facebook. The organization “discovered” that the national authorities had removed postings on Facebook pages belonging to Bahraini rights groups that reported on the human rights situation in the country.

Among the reports that mysteriously disappeared from BCHR’s page were Amnesty International's recent report on human rights defenders in the Middle East and North Africa, an AlJazeeratalk report on human rights violations in Bahrain, and a statement from the BCHR on the prosecution of Bahraini journalist Lamees Dhaif.

BCHR said it believes the motives behind the censoring of the dissident entries on Facebook is the realization of the Bahraini authorities that this social site has extensive accessibility and distribution.

  Gunning for Proxies

4th February 2009. See article from menassat.com

Web activists and rights groups say a wave of Internet censorship is sweeping Bahrain. Web sites belonging to opposition political groups, human rights organizations, and electronic newspapers are all being targeted and activists say Bahrain’s actions coincide with the recent appointment of royal family member Sheikha Mai bint Mohammed Al Khalifa as Minister of Culture and Media.

On January 14 this year, local newspapers in Bahrain made public a ministerial order by Bahrain’s new Minister of Media & Culture, Shiekha Mai bint Mohammed Al Khalifa that called on telecommunications companies and Internet service providers to tighten their measures on preventing access to web sites previously banned by the ministry.

According to rights groups like the Bahrain Center for Human Rights (BCHR), whose web site has been blocked, This was the first resolution issued by the minister this year…..to give sharp and clear instructions to telecommunications companies and Internet service providers to prevent all the customary ways to access blocked sites, whether through Internet addresses or through the use of alternative servers (proxies) or any other way.

Some of the sites now inaccessible in Bahrain reportedly include independent newspaper Bahrain Times, the online current events forum Montadayat, and the Arabic Network for Human Rights Information (ANHRI).

Even the party Al-Demokrati, a legally registered party, has now had its site blocked, sources tell MENASSAT.

Ali Abdulemam is the administrator of a news engine for political and social affairs in Bahrain - Bahrainonline. He told MENASSAT that the authorities have been playing a censorship cat and mouse game with his web site for the past seven years.

Abdulemam claims Al-Khalifa's campaign to censor and ban sites is more aggressive than before, pointing to the fact that ministry has even blocked Google Translation because it can be use as proxy to surf his site.

Bahrain may have breached United Nations treaties on human rights, by blocking access to certain political websites and Internet discussion forums.

The decision appears to defy the Universal Declaration of Human Rights conventions and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which the country has signed up to, according to Bahrain Transparency Society (BTS) president Abdulnabi Al Ekri.

Al Ekri said the crackdown on non-sexual websites, apparently instigated by the Culture and Information Ministry, also breached Bahrain's Penal Code.

Hundreds of websites were blocked last month, following what the government called a crackdown on pornography. However, activists claim political sites, public discussion forums, human rights, news and advertisement sites and religious and non-religious groups were included in the clamp.

19th September 2009.  See article from earthtimes.org

Bangladesh police have requested the government shut 84 websites carrying nude photographs and sexually explicit video clips, some of them posted without knowledge of the people depicted.

Police said a female university student had recently attempted to commit suicide after nude video clips of her were uploaded to one of the websites. Other women have abandoned their studies after photographs of them were posted, said Mohammad Nazrul Islam, the assistant inspector general of police.

A two-year investigation showed that the images and clips had been uploaded from outside Bangladesh. Some photographs of Bangladeshi women and girls - including models and other celebrities - had been modified and edited to make them vulgar, Nazrul said.

Such websites are illegal under Bangladeshi law, he said. But taking legal action against companies hosting the websites is difficult and time consuming, as many are run from abroad.

 More Freedom Flushed down the U Tube

9th March 2009.  See article from advocacy.globalvoicesonline.org

Internet users in Bangladesh are not able to access YouTube since Friday (March 6, 2009) evening. Soon people discovered that other Social Media and file hosting/sharing sites like Esnips, mediafire etc. were also not accessible.

Apparently these are blocked by the firewalls at IIG (International Internet Gateway) as these can be accessed by proxy.

3rd February 2009. See article from advocacy.globalvoicesonline.org

See also article from english.vietnamnet.vn

The Cambodian Ministry of Women’s Affairs blocked a website that contains artistic illustrations of bare-breasted Apsara dancers and a Khmer Rouge soldier.

The attempt to shut down reahu.net (or at least to filter it by Internet Service Providers in the Cambodian capital) was echoed by a human rights activist, who was quoted as saying that the Web site should be shut down because it appealed too much to young Cambodians.

reahu.net is currently not accessible by Internet visitors in Cambodia,

24th July 2009. See article from thewhir.com

According to an Associated Press report, the Tuesday shut down of Digu and Zuosa, two Chinese website that offer micro-blogging services similar to Twitter.

China has already already cut off mainland access to Facebook, Twitter and other well-known social networking sites. This latest bout of shut downs may be intended to clean the Internet of offensive material before this fall when the People's Republic of China will celebrate its 60th year.

A Digu spokeswoman told the AP that some users had tried to post politically sensitive material, which the company had to censor. She said that the site is offline for at least a week for maintenance.

The technology channels of the popular Sina and Netease portals were also shut down because they allegedly posted news about a corruption probe without attaining clearance from state censors.

  China's Censorship Through the Ages

29th May 2009. See article from timesonline.co.uk

The online version of one of China's most radical magazines has been closed by the censors who patrol the Great Firewall of China. The move comes days before the twentieth anniversary of the Tiananmen Square crackdown.

The editors of Yanhuang Chunqiu (China Through the Ages), a liberal monthly, received no warning of the shutdown. Nor have they received any explanation for their disappearance from cyberspace.

  Websites warned not to include unapproved videos

2nd April 2009. See article from networkworld.com

China closed a new round of Web sites with pornographic content as it continued a crackdown that has extended from the Internet to mobile phones.

China shut down 162 sites offering pornographic audio or video files for operating without a broadcast permit, the official Xinhua news agency said.

China has closed more than 2,000 Web sites and arrested at least 45 people in a sting against online porn launched in January. It has also vowed to stamp out erotic text messages sent on cell phones. Various blog hosts have been shut down as well, including some known for political content that ran against the central government line.

Web domain owners were also ordered Monday not to broadcast movies or television shows before that had not undergone government censorship and approval, according to an online statement from China's State Administration of Radio, Film and Television.

17th March 2009. See article from advocacy.globalvoicesonline.org

This week, two more influential websites have been forced to close, one is Pauwang, one is Wei-cheng Za-Wan.

Pauwang is among one of the longest history BBS in China and it was forced to close on 12 of March, 2009.

According to Hecaitou, the BBS is a platform for editors and professionals. The BBS is associated with a photography club in Beijing

  Catholics Blocked Out

20th February 2009. See article from asianews.it

The Chinese authorities continue to block many Catholic websites, like Radio Veritas of Asia, the website of the Chinese Regional Bishops' Conference, all of the Catholic sites of Taiwan, and those of the diocese of Hong Kong. The government says that it wants to fight pornography on the internet, but it is systematically taking measures against sites with no pornographic content.

The website AsiaNews has been blocked on an on-again, off-again basis for years, and was not made visible even during the Olympic grace period. The website Reporters Without Borders, very critical of China during the Olympics, was also blocked for months.

  Vulgar Lies

11th February 2009. See article from advocacy.globalvoicesonline.org

Douban.com, one of the most popular Web 2.0 website in China, is forced to close some of its e-groups due to the recent anti-Smuts campaign. However, many of the deleted e-groups are social and political in nature rather than vulgar and indecent.

Peter Guo from Amoiist wrote in his blog that he has received 30 notices from Douban within 3 days concerning deletion of e-groups. Apart from deleting groups, the company is also cleaning user accounts. In Feb 8, Peter found out that his user account was deleted.

A Douban delete blog has been set up to collect deletion notices highlighting the fact that most deleted groups have nothing to do with vulgar content.

5th November 2009.  Based on article from msnbc.msn.com

A popular Web site of classified ads that has given Cubans a taste of the free market has been blocked on the communist-run island, Internet users said.

Cubans trying to access Revolico.com, which says it has more than 1.5 million page views a month, are being diverted to the search engine Google.com.

2nd May 2009. See article from religiousintelligence.co.uk

The Arabic Network for Human Rights Information (ANHRI) has expressed its strong condemnation and dismay at the continued detention since October 3, 2008, of the Christian blogger, Hani Nazeer, by State Security forces.

The ANHRI claimed that his arrest occurred with the collaboration of the Church in Naga Hammadi, his hometown in Qena Governorate. Hani is the author of Karz elhob blog.

Update: Assaulted and asked to convert to Islam

27th September 2009. See article from advocacy.globalvoicesonline.org

The lawyer of the arrested blogger Hani Nazeer is still not allowed to visit his client. However, the Christian blogger Nazeer managed to contact The Arabic Network for Human Rights Information revealing that he was assaulted and asked to convert to Islam in exchange for his freedom:

He and other inmates had been beaten by prison officers and had their heads shaved by force. Nazeer said that he has now been registered as a criminal detainee, which puts his life in danger as he will be imprisoned with drug dealers and murderers? He earlier complained to ANHRI lawyers that he was being pressured to convert to Islam in exchange for his freedom

6th March 2009. See article from cpj.org

Journalists in Ethiopia informed CPJ over the weekend that our Web site, which was blocked to Internet users in the capital, Addis Ababa, since August, was accessible again.

Independent Ethiopian online news forums and blogs based outside the country also reported that sites discussing political dissent and human rights were also suddenly accessible.

We'll have to wait and see whether, as international attention turns away from Ethiopia, the sites yet again disappear from view.

12th June 2010. See article from indexoncensorship.org

Editors of the US-based newspaper Gambia Echo have seen access to their website from within Gambia blocked by the country's government.

In a letter sent to the US State Department on June 4, the imprint's editor-in-chief claims the move is part of a trend under President Yahya Jammeh towards restricting press freedom.

  Facebook and YouTube unblocked

18th March 2009. See article from eurasianet.org

Iranian authorities blocked the popular social networking site, Facebook, in 2006 as illegal.

But in February 2009, officials in Tehran took the surprising step of unblocking Facebook. Since then, the site’s Iranian membership has been growing fast. Facebook is now the 10th most popular website in Iran.

Internet users admit to being puzzled by the sudden reversal, which was accompanied by the unblocking of the YouTube video-sharing site. There has been no official comment about the decision.

  More websites blocked including RFI and Deutsche Welle

31st January 2009. See article from rsf.org

Reporters Without Borders condemns the wave of censorship that has hit many Iranian and foreign Farsi-language websites since 24 January. Most of the sites contain articles critical of the government and President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. International news media websites have also been blocked since 26 January.

The Farsi-language site of the German public broadcaster Deutsche Welle has been inaccessible since 26 January, as has the Farsi version of the Radio France Internationale site and the Arabic-language site of the satellite TV station Al-Arabiya.

Bahman Hedayati, the editor of the Parsine website, described the blocking of his site as “illegal”. The literary website Haftan was blocked the same day by certain Internet Service Providers without any explanation. Iran’s leading literary critics have for the past three years been writing for the site, which is very popular with young Iranians.

Several news websites that criticise the government or belong to potential rivals of President Ahmadinejad have also been rendered inaccessible by ISPs since 24 January. Farda News and Parsine, sites that support Tehran mayor Mohammed Baqer Qalibaf, a future Ahmadinejad rival, are among those that have been blocked.

1st July 2009. See article from advocacy.globalvoicesonline.org

Internet Service Providers CLARO, TIGO and MOVISTAR (Telefónica), Guatemala’s most prominent Internet Service Providers (ISPs), are ignoring the country's constitution. Guatemalan users have reported blocked access to Wordpress.

Guatemala’s largest newspapers have not yet reported the incident. Other bloggers have called the office of consumer protection, but have received few answers. This block occured just after a political crisis last month, when social media tools were used to protest against the Government and demand justice.

5th March 2009. See article from metamorphosis.org.mk

The Italian Senate approved - and the lower chamber is ready to pass draft law 733 called Pacchetto sicurezza (Security Package).

Under section 50 bis of this forthcoming law, a public prosecutor which is given serious circumstantial evidence that an online activity of inciting crime has been committed, is allowed to ask the Minister of Home Affair to order the ISP's to shut down the concerned network resource. ISP refusal to comply with Minister's order should be fined with a penalty up to 250,000 Euros.

Crime-inciting is very difficult to handle, since the border between free-speech and law violation is often blurred (would a website supporting freedom rebels of a country be - per se - inciting to commit crimes?).

Italy had a "sound" tradition in trying to enforce citizen's global surveillance systems through ISP's and telco operators, adopting every sort of justifications (from copyright, to child pornography, to online gambling and now to crime-inciting actions). Oddly enough, nevertheless, these good intentions fell always on innocent citizens' shoulders, while true criminals stay absolutely free.

2nd May 2010. See article from cpj.org

Kazakh authorities must order the state-owned Internet Internet provider Kazakhtelecom to immediately restore access to the independent news portal Respublika and the Web site of its sister publication Respublika-Delovoye Obozreniye, the Committee to Protect Journalists said.

Access to both news portals, which often criticize Kazakh authorities for corruption and human rights violations, has been blocked today for all clients of Kazakhtelecom, the independent regional news Web site Ferghana reported. Respublika said in a statement its research showed that clients of other Internet providers in Kazakhstan, as well as Web users abroad, were able to access the online publications.

  Kazakhstan blocks Livejournal and mail.ru

21st March 2009. See article from advocacy.globalvoicesonline.org

Blogs on mail.ru - popular Russian information, entertainment and mail portal - have become the second victim of blockage campaign in Kazakhstan after LiveJournal. Access via national telecom operator is denied only to blogs, all other services of the portal work fine. Access to the blogs section is possible via anonymizers.

Livejournal (Kazakhtelecom has never admitted filtering of this website) is widely believed to be a victim of political battles between the authorities and Rakhat Aliev, a runaway former presidential son-in-law and media tycoon, sentenced to 40 years in prison for kidnapping and preparation of a coup. The man has a couple of blogs on Livejournal.

But the reasons for filtering blogs.mail.ru is much harder to be perceived. They ususally have low-profile content and are assigned to every owner of a mailbox automatically. There is no dissent, and - as believed - there was no Aliev’s blog there. Why it was necessary to block it then? Is it a policy of protectionism in favor of the much more obedient domestic blog platforms? Nobody knows.

28h September 2009. See article from google.com

Kuwait has blocked a number of Internet blogs and websites with links to terror cells and groups, a top official said.

The ministry has blocked blogs ... used by some to communicate with terror cells and extremist groups, communications ministry undersecretary Abdulmohsen al-Mazeedi told Kuwait's An-Nahar newspaper.

He said the ministry had also blocked sites deemed offensive to God and the emir and which undermined what he called national unity, in addition to sites promoting pornography.

Mazeedi said the ministry was applying the law and aims to preserve Islamic values. Before blocking any site, the ministry had taken permission from the public prosecution.

13th February 2010. See article from advocacy.globalvoicesonline.org

On January 24th, 2010, Libya Telecom and Technology (LTT) has blocked access to the popular video sharing website Youtube and to several Libyans based abroad political and independent websites such as Libya Al Youm, Al Manara, Jeel Libya, Akhbar Libya,and Libya Al Mostakbal.

According to Human Rights Watch it seems that Youtube was blocked after videos of family members of Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi and of demonstrations in Benghazi by families of prisoners who were killed in Abu Salim prison in 1996, were published on the video sharing website.

The move has worried Libyan bloggers who fear that the ban will be expanded to include their personal blogs. Some Facebook groups, like We want YouTube back in Libya, have been set up to protest the ban and provide instructions for how to use proxy servers to bypass it.

19th March 2009. See article from advocacy.globalvoicesonline.org

Abbass Ould Braham, a Mauritanian online journalist was arrested on 16 March 2009, for an article he published on Taqadoumy.com website.

Abbass’s article Deep into Mauritania: A Cross-Section of the new Mauritanian Regime deals with the August 6 coup d’état, the Junta and the Mauritanian political system:

Dozens of Mauritanian journalists tried to stage a sit-in late Monday in front of the UN office in Nouakchott in solidarity with the journalist Abbass Ould Braham when the Mauritanian riot police raided the site, firing tear gas at them and allegedly beating them with truncheons.

A Facebook group has also been created in support of Abbass.

The two main ISP’s in Mauritania have been ordered by the General Persecutor, Seyid Ould Ghaïlani, to block access to what is considered to be the country’s second biggest news website, Taqadoumy.

Today, Mauritel, Mauritania’s state-owned telecommunications company, followed the block order by banning the website. If confirmed, this is the first case (since 2005 Mauritanian coup d’état) of barring Mauritanian Internet users from accessing a Mauritanian website.

5th February 2009. Based on article from qlinks.net

The New Zealand Department of Internal Affairs is setting up a filter system that will allow internet service providers to stop people accessing child pornography.

But there are concerns that the power to censor browsing could be abused. The filter system has already been trialled in hundreds of thousands of New Zealand households. Internal Affairs deputy secretary Keith Manch says the voluntary system blocks access to 7000 websites carrying images of child sexual abuse.

Internet Safety group NetSafe welcomes the move, but says there could be concerns if the department later uses the filter to block a wider variety of websites. Manch says there are no such plans and the filter is only for targeting the sexual abuse of children. He says the department is finalising its analysis from the trial and will be discussing with internet providers how to implement the system.

7th February 2009. See article from arstechnica.com

At the end of this month, New Zealand's ISPs are required to start disconnecting users accused of infringing copyright multiple times. ISPs are also being asked to start censoring 7,000 Web sites under a government plan to make it harder for Kiwis to access child pornography over the Internet.

Child pornography restrictions will be extended to the Internet under a program initiated by the Department of Internal Affairs, though it will remain voluntary, according to Radio New Zealand News. The system relies on a blacklist of specific Web sites, and it has about 7,000 entries at the moment.

The program has already been tested in trials across the country, and ISPs are now looking into implementation details.

New Zealand says it has no current plans to extend the system behind child porn, which sets it apart from neighbouring Australia, where an ambitious (and required) censorship program has the right to block any sort of illegal content.

12th February 2009. See article from advocacy.globalvoicesonline.org

The Internet governing body Pakistan Telecommunication Authority, which monitors internet access from Pakistan has placed a URL-specific ban on one particular video in which the President of Pakistan Asif Ali Zardari is seen to deliver a very forceful and curt Shut-up to some participant at the rally he was addressing a rally barely a few weeks back.

It must be noted that Mr. Zardari actually says in Urdu: What has happened to this democracy ……. Shut Up

13th February 2009. See article from advocacy.globalvoicesonline.org

Qatar is experiencing a rise in Internet filtering:

www.tagged.com has just been banned in Qatar (and is also banned in many countries in the world)

The ISP QTel had remarked on the specific block:

Decision to Block Specific Social Networking Site in Line with Culture of Qatar and Expectations of Customers

Qtel today provided an update on its Community Internet Safety Policy, following the decision over the weekend to block a specific social networking site within Qatar.

In its role as a licensed Internet Service Provider (ISP) and in response to customer requests, Qtel has a clear policy that aims to prevent damage to the values of the community from harmful material on websites. This policy has received strong support from the local community and ongoing market research shows that families and residents in Qatar overwhelmingly prefer there to be safeguards in place against illegal, pornographic and socially-harmful material.

10th December 2009. See article from indexoncensorship.org

Claims of internet censorship have spread amongst the Russian blogosphere after the wireless internet service provider, Yota, admitted blocking access to certain websites.

Denis Sverdlov, chief executive of WiMax operator Skartel, which runs the Yota brand, acknowledged that Yota blocks access to sites that are classified as extremist by the Justice Ministry.

This strongly smells of political censorship, said Denis Bilunov, a senior member of Kasparov's Other Russia movement. He said the most likely explanation was Russian Technologies' involvement in the company.

14th June 2010. See article from cpj.org

The Committee to Protect Journalists called on Rwandan authorities today to provide information as to why the Web site of newspaper Umuvugizi is inaccessible in the run-up to August presidential elections. The state-run Rwanda News Agency reported on June 3 that the Web site of Umuvugizi, a leading private paper known for its critical coverage of the government, could not be opened on the networks of the country’s only Internet service providers.

22nd April 2009. Based on article from advocacy.globalvoicesonline.org

Last week, Global Voices Advocacy broke the news that Syrian users had been cut off from LinkedIn's services. The business-oriented social networking site had stated in e-mails to several of its users that, Under the User Agreement, LinkedIn Users warrant that they are not prohibited from receiving U.S. origin products, including services or software. As such, and as a matter of corporate policy, we do not allow member accounts or access to our site from Cuba, Iran, North Korea, Sudan, or Syria.

LinkedIn realized its error following the publication of the piece on Advox. Twitter users, outraged by LinkedIn's decision to cut off Syrian users, re-tweeted links to the aforementioned articles, resulting in the issue grabbing the attention of LinkedIn staffer “kluo,” who quickly pointed out that the deletion of user accounts was a human error.

  Red Siam Manifesto

15th February 2009. Based on article from prachatai.com

A leading Bangkok-based professor who has joint British and Thai nationality fled Thailand in the face of a lengthy sentence under the country's draconian lese-majesty laws, which forbid criticism of the king.

Giles Ji Ungpakorn arrived in England at the weekend after being charged under the laws. He had been due to present himself to the police in Bangkok today and could have faced 15 years in jail if found guilty.

Ungpakorn has been blogging about the issue with a lengthy article called the Red Siam Manifesto.

Aree Jiworarak, Director of the Information Technology Supervision Office under the Ministry of Information and Communication Technology, sent e-mails to executives of internet service providers (ISPs), saying that the Office had found there was a publication disseminated on the internet called the Red Siam Manifesto which affected national security.

He asked for their cooperation in keeping watch for the circulation of the article. And if your systems can enable filters to prevent access to it, please do so, as that would greatly benefit national security. Please act urgently.

The director also sent a list of web pages he deemed as constituting lèse majesté, and asked the ISPs to block them urgently. Those included blogs containing parts of the article.

  Fighting Back

7th February 2009. Based on article from facthai.wordpress.com

Thailand’s Ministry of Information and Communication Technology, the Official Censor of the Military Coup, has blocked  at least 17,775 websites which, along with blocking by the Royal Thai Police, resulted in more than 50,000 websites blocked in Thailand. Public webboard discussions, circumvention tools, voices from Thailand’s Muslim South and critical commentary of Thailand’s monarchy were particularly targetted for censorship.

Thailand’s military government also passed a Computer-Related Crimes Act with draconian penalties and onerous data retention provisions abnegating privacy and anonymity and chilling public discussion of vital issues among Thais. The result of this cybercrime law was to criminalise circumvention with one notable exception, the Virtual Private Networks (VPN) relied on by business to create a secure, private, encrypted channel.

Freedom Against Censorship Thailand (FACT) has now provided links to easy tools for private citizens to legally ignore Thailand’s Internet censorship. Virtual Private Networks have been complicated to set up and difficult to maintain. However, with these two free, public tools, VPN is available to everyone.

Based on article from cpj.org

Thailand's Internet--once open and free--is fast morphing into one of Asia's more censored cyberspaces. But a new group of concerned Thai citizens, known as the Thai Netizen Network (TNN), is bidding to turn back the tide of government censorship through advocacy and monitoring.

Web sites that have posted materials deemed potentially offensive to the Thai royal family have been blocked by successive military-appointed and democratically elected Thai governments. And the campaign of censorship is accelerating under new Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva.

Beginning last year, a group of academics, activists, journalists and webmasters held informal meetings to discuss the emerging threat to Internet freedom in the wake of the passage of the 2007 Cyber Crime Act and the intensified use of lese majeste charges against journalists, commentators, and everyday Internet users. Both laws give Thai officials the authority to censor news and opinions that could be deemed a threat to national security or the monarchy.

TNN coalesced into a formal organization soon after several local Web sites, including news and commentary outlets Prachathai and Fah Diew Kan, were threatened with closure last year by officials for posting materials offensive to the monarchy. Fah Diew Kan's site was eventually blocked in January after officials threatened the site's ISP administrator.

TNN coordinator Supinya Klangnarong told CPJ that the new group's main missions are to keep Thailand's Internet open and free, to monitor government surveillance and censorship, and to provide moral and legal support to Internet users and writers who encounter harassment for their postings.

Currently, TNN is publicizing the case and arranging legal representation for Suwicha Thakor, an oil-rig engineer who was arrested and held without bail on January 14 for posting materials onto the Internet considered offensive to the monarchy. They have also taken up the case of BBC correspondent Jonathan Head, who faces three different lese majeste complaints filed by a senior Thai police official.

  The War Room

6th February 2009. Based on article from news.bbc.co.uk

The government in Thailand has set up a special website urging people to inform on anyone criticising the monarchy.

It has also established a war room to co-ordinate the blocking of websites deemed offensive to the monarchy. On its first day of operation the centre banned nearly 5,000 websites. The Ministry of Information had already blocked many thousands of sites, but that work is now being accelerated by the new centre.

Internet users are being urged to show their loyalty to the king by informing via a new website called protecttheking.net (Thai language), which has been set up by a parliamentary committee. It calls on all citizens to inform on anyone suspected of insulting or criticising the monarchy.

The new website appears to be part of a concerted effort by the government and its conservative supporters to stifle any debate on the future of the monarchy, before it can gather momentum, our correspondent says.

Based on article from prachatai.com

The committee formalized the Internet Security Operations Centre (ISOC), formerly known as the ‘War Room’, to monitor inappropriate content on the internet, with officials from the ICT Ministry and other relevant agencies keeping watch 24 hours a day. A special call centre is being set up for the public to give information on inappropriate websites.

In the ISOC room, staff will be divided into three sections to monitor three categories of inappropriate websites: (1) those which offend the nation, religion, and monarchy, (2) those which affect tradition and culture, such as Hi5, or advertise abortion pills, and (3) those which provide gambling and dangerous online games such as the GTA game, said the ICT Minister.

According to the minister, the MICT has requested court orders to close or block 4,818 URLs which include 4,683 web pages offensive to the monarchy, 98 pages offering pornography, and 37 pages containing false advertisements.

The MICT and the Ministry of Culture have also been monitoring the postings of pictures of female students with phone numbers for the purpose of prostitution, and have found an increase in online advertisements for abortion pills and sex gear.

  Targeted at Cambodia but blocked in Thailand

3rd February 2009. See article from advocacy.globalvoicesonline.org

A former freelance editorial cartoonist for Far Eastern Economic Review from 1997-1999, Bun Heang Ung presently lives in Australia. Observing his home country Cambodia from the other side, the 57-year-old cartoonist launched Sacrava Toons blog in 2004, nearly a decade after he published The Murderous Revolution : Life and Death in Pol Pot’s Kampuchea, his first book of black and white line illustrations that tells his very own experiences of the Khmer Rouge regime. In voicing his opinions, the talented cartoonist publish his drawings of all things that matter to him on the Web.

Recently, according to Wikileaks, the political cartoonist’s blog is being blocked in Thailand, where its Ministry of Information and Communication Technology is in charge of banning Internet sites that violates its Kingdom’s lèse majesté laws.

2nd February 2009. Based on article from cpj.org

The Committee to Protect Journalists is gravely concerned about mounting government threats to media and Internet freedom in Thailand, including legal action against community radio stations and censoring thousands of Web sites.

Justice Minister Pirapan Salirathavibhaga recently told a parliamentary session that his ministry intends to censor 3,000 to 4,000 Web sites for posting materials considered offensive to the Thai monarchy. The Information Communication and Technology (ICT) Ministry announced on January 5 that it had shut down 2,300 Web sites for violating the country's strict lese majeste laws.

Piraphan said that he had established 10 different panels to implement the Internet crackdown and that his ministry was working closely with the ICT and Defense ministries. He mentioned in particular that three Thai nationals had been identified for posting anti-monarchy materials on the Web site Manussaya and that one of the writers has been arrested on lese majeste charges.

30th May 2009. See article from middle-east-online.com

Susie's Big Adventure in Saudi Arabia has turned a little dark: the US expat's chirpy blog on life in the kingdom with a Saudi husband has been blocked by the country's censors.

Susie said she has no idea why the Saudi authorities have put a block on her blog (susiesbigadventure.blogspot.com).

Susie's Big Adventure is mostly about life as an expat woman in a new culture - new foods to eat, places to visit and places to shop, and odd cultural experiences.

When the Arizona native strays to more current issues -- like a recent post she headlined Saudi Arabia Wastes Biggest Untapped Natural Resource: Women - she says nothing that is not in the local newspapers.

Her most popular post was about buying Katy Perry's hit CD One of the Boys in Jeddah and finding that the cover art, a picture of Perry in shorts, was overdrawn to show her in long pants.

25th February 2009. See article from arabnews.com

A two-year Saudi block against the London-based Elaph online daily has been lifted.

The move comes a few days after a major reshuffle in the government. According to the daily's technical department, the paper received 40,000 visitors to its website from the Kingdom on the first day the block was lifted.

According to Arab News sources, a high government official ordered the Communications and Information Technology Commission (CITC) to lift the block.

Saud said the lift was one step of many taken toward increased openness that the Kingdom is currently experiencing under the leadership of King Abdullah. He added that the government fully understands the importance of free press in the country's development.

8th November 2009. See article from fto.co.za

In the last two days people from a few websites and blogs that are critical of the ANC led government has been arrested, three of which we know have been released with no charges made against them.

It is clear that the South African government is cracking down on bloggers that are critical of the way they run the country and they want to censor the information these bloggers and websites give out.

One of these are Zasucks where the blogger Uhuru Guru was arrested, spent the night in jail and was released with no charges. No word if he got his computer equipment back that was confiscated.

At another site Boerevryheid.co.za another two bloggers got arrested, their equipment taken and was later released without charges, also no word if they got their equipment back. A lot of people claim that this is because South Africa wants the bad publicity to stop before the 2010 soccer world cup but instead of dealing with the crime directly they now try to scare these bloggers as some would say into shock.

Another blogger of Boer Freedom has been arrested, also this time no charges after spending some time in jail. Some claim this is because they blog about the boer genocide that is taking place in South Africa.

Whatever the reason, the government is kicking down doors and arresting people that are critical of them.

24th April 2009. See article from advocacy.globalvoicesonline.org

It was confirmed that Internet users in Sudan cannot access Linkedin, who were blocked by Linkedin since several months ago.

Kay Luo LinkedIn, Sr. Director of Corporate Communications told me: Regarding the download, we (are) complying with the US law, so it is blocked in Syria. For the same reason, Sudan is blocked from accessing our site.”

I am not a legal expert but by looking at the law, it says nothing about blocking website access? Some US based Linkedin competitors like ecademy and Plaxo are still accessible in Sudan and the vast majority of US based websites, So the question is why Linkedin only blocks access?

19th September 2009. See article from advocacy.globalvoicesonline.org

IAccording to Al Quds Al Arabi newspaper, Syria is planning to reintroduce the ban on Facebook after a first ban of the social networking website in November 2007. This came after Facebook allowed residents of the Golan Heights to mark their country of abode as Israel.

Until recently Golan Facebook users were compelled to enter Syria as their country of residence on their page. This change came after a campaign organized by HonestReporting, an organization dedicated to defending Israel, who launched the Facebook group Facebook, Golan Residents Live in Israel, not Syria.

30th April 2009. Thanks to Spoonbender

The video sharing website veoh.com is still blocked in Thailand. It was originally blocked at the same time that YouTube was famously blocked. However veoh.com did not cause the same amount of international embarassment so never go unblocked

Censored FACT

30th April 2009. Based on article from prachatai.net 

Two ISPs, TOT ADSL and Buddy Broadband along with Kasetsart University have been blocking Freedom Against Censorship in Thailand (FACT) since at least noon on April 25.

Situation Normal

Based on article from facthai.wordpress.com

The Thai internet censors at MICT are currently blocking 6,218 websites 'affecting national security' which includes lese majeste, 2,307 pornographic websites and 430 gambling websites, admitting to 8,955 blocked websites.

4th April 2010. See article from advocacy.globalvoicesonline.org

The Tunisian regime has blocked access to WAT.TV, a social networking and media-sharing website, which is believed to be the 3rd video broadcaster on the Internet in France.

This is also the third video-sharing website to be blocked in The country. First they blocked Dailymotion on September 3rd, 2007, then it was the turn of Youtube to be banned from the country Internet on November 2nd, 2007.

 Blocking individual twitter pages

6th January 2010. See article from advocacy.globalvoicesonline.org

Over the past few weeks, reports have trickled in to Herdict and via Twitter, alerting us of the filtering of individual Twitter pages in Tunisia and Bahrain (as well as, possibly, China).

In Tunisia, the accounts of exiled activist Sami Ben Gharbia (@ifikra), engineer @Ma7moud, and popular independent news source Nawaat (@nawaat) have been confirmed inaccessible.

8th November 2009. See article from advocacy.globalvoicesonline.org

Tunisian blogger and college Theatre professor, Fatma Riahi, known online as Arabicca, was summoned to appear before the Criminal Brigade of Gorjani (Tunis), where she was questioned about her online activities.

Fatma was released the same day around 10 pm then summoned again the next day when three Security officers escorted her to her house to conduct a search for evidence that she may be hiding behind the pen-name of the famous Tunisian cartoonist blogger Blog de Z. They also confiscated her PC.

Since then, Arabicca has not been released and has been denied to meet her lawyer. Arabicca is being detained in Gorjani Police Station and could face criminal libel charge that potentially carries a prison term to up to three years in prison.

Fatma was blogging at Fatma Arabicca. A blog that she deleted three days before the arrest.

A Free Arabicca campaign blog has been launched by fellow Tunisian bloggers in support for Fatma, as well as a facebook page.

29th October 2009. See article from monstersandcritics.com

Tunisia blocked access to the website of regional satellite news channel al-Jazeera after the results of the presidential election were announced, a rights group said.

The claim followed the announcement that Tunisian President Zine al-Abidine Ben Ali, who has been in power for 27 years, had won a new term with 89.62% of the vote.

The Cairo-based Arabic Network for Human Rights Information said Tunisia's ban on the website showed that Ben Ali had won, and democracy had lost in the elections.

This is a blow to citizens right to access true and accurate information,' the group said. It makes Tunisians easy prey for the official Tunisian media, which is known to lack independence and diversity of opinions.

 Zig Zag blog blocked

18th May 2009. See article from advocacy.globalvoicesonline.org

After a short hiatus, the dreaded Ammar 404 has once again attacked the Tunisian blogosphere.

Ammar is the nickname given by Tunisian bloggers to the censorship machine plaguing their access to the Internet and his victim this time is Zig Zag blog by 3amrouch.

It seem that the blog has been censored for republishing screen shots of a Canadian newspaper which unveils a real estate transaction in which the Tunisian President's son-in-law Mohamed Sakhr El Matri bought a villa in Canada for a huge amount of money - information which the Tunisian Government wants to hide from its people.

  Tunisian hunger strikers page blocked

1st April 2009. Based on article from advocacy.globalvoicesonline.org

Tunisian authorities have blocked access to the Matroudine website dedicated to provide information and support for the five students and activists from the Tunisian General Student Union (UGET) who went on hunger strike to protest their arbitrary exclusion from Tunisian universities and deprivation of their right to education because of their activism within the UGET.

The five young UGET unionists, namely Ali bouzouzeya, Taoufik Louati, Aymen Jaabiri, Mohamed Boualleg, and Mohamed Soudani, have been on hunger strike since February 11th, 2009. After more than 48 days of hunger strike their health condition has greatly worsened. However, Tunisian authorities continue not to react.

18th October 2009. See article from religiousintelligence.co.uk

Reporters Without Borders has welcomed the unblocking of the social-networking website MySpace and the video-sharing website Akilli.tv on October 6 after their representatives resolved disputes with the Turkish Record Industry Association. Turkey reopens social networking websites

Two other websites that refuse to comply with the association's demands, Lastfm.com.tr and YouTube, continue to be blocked.

25th September 2009. See article from rsf.org

The social networking website MySpace has been blocked in Turkey since 19 September over a copyright dispute. Anyone trying to visit the site sees a message saying access has been blocked by order 2009/45, issued on 26 June by the prosecutor of the Istanbul district of Beyoglu. Two other sites, Lastfm.com.tr and Akilli.tv, have been blocked by the same order.

Copyright is often used as grounds for censoring the Internet, Reporters Without Borders said. But blocking websites is a disproportionate sanction that violates online free expression. Withdrawing the content that violates copyright would suffice. Censorship is a common reflex in Turkey and we condemn it strongly.

  Thousands more websites blocked in Turkey

4th July 2009. See article from bianet.org

A court in Denizli has banned access to GoogleSites, which contains thousands of sites. The reason for the ban is not known.

GoogleSites allows users to create their own websites, and there are thus thousands of sites available.

Now the 2nd Criminal Court of Peace in Denizli, western Turkey, has banned access to GoogleSites.

The Alternative Informatics Association (Alternatif Bilisim) has criticised the closure, calling for Internet users to protest to the Telecommunications Department by fax, email and telephone and for those who have sites on GoogleSites to protest, too.

The association says that between 23 November 2007 and 11 May 2009, access to 2,601 web sites was banned. Youtube, for instance, has been closed to users in Turkey since 5 May 2008. Other sites used by millions of people, such as wordpress.com, geocities.com, myspace.com, dailymotion.com and alibaba.com have also been banned.

  1600 websites blocked in Turkey

5th February 2009. See article from todayszaman.com

Turkey's Telecommunications Directorate has blocked 1,591 Web sites since last year under the law against cyber crime, which includes a wide range of offenses. Nearly half of the site-blocking rulings were issued due to the content involving the sexual exploitation of children online.

This was followed by obscenity as the main reason for the closure of 539 sites. Other reasons included online prostitution (13), facilitating narcotics acquisition (3), encouraging suicidal behavior (1), illegal gambling sites (85), providing a physical location and the opportunity for gambling (88) and other reasons (165). Crimes against the memory of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk were the reason 52 Web sites were blocked.

  Satellite Card Sharing Blocked

16th July 2010. See article from zawya.com

Dubai Federal authorities have unplugged television viewers who descramble pay TV channels by sharing pay TV encryption codes from the internet.

The Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (TRA) claims it is now the first country in the world to block websites that provide black market pay TV encryption data to viewers who use the information to bypass scrambled satellite and cable signals.

Mohammad Al Ganem, Director-General of the TRA, said that the UAE gives the utmost importance to intellectual property to ensure the most advantageous economic environment through supporting owners of property rights. This step will protect consumers against this type of fraud and it will limit infringement of intellectual property rights and violation of federal laws. Similar to pay TV signal theft in other countries, the TRA said that it found scrambled television channels were illegally decrypted and distributed over the internet using card sharing, a method through which a satellite receiver obtains decryption data continuously from an active card, while being connected to the internet.

12th June 2009. See article from business.maktoob.com

Google will not censor Middle East websites, the company’s regional boss told Maktoob Business, arguing that it is not its job to do so.

We do not censor sites and we have no plans to do so, said Husni Khuffash, manager of Google's operations for the UAE and neighbouring countries.

UAE authorities had reportedly asked Google to ban about 500 pornographic and anti-religious terms from YouTube, owned by Google, something that both the Dubai Police Chief Dhahi Khalfan Tamim and Khuffash have denied.

Khuffash said he had met with Dubai Police, but it was a meet and greet situation rather than a discussion of specific issues.

The US company has so far managed to side step direct censorship in the Middle East, but admitted that if it was asked directly by a regional government to remove content, it would do so.

  Searching for Naughty Words

16th May 2009. See article from ameinfo.com

The Dubai Police Chief said he is still pursuing a plan to censor 500 search terms deemed offensive in a bid to block access to certain internet sites in the UAE.

Although no progress is made yet, we will pursue the issue over the next two weeks, he was quoted as saying by Khaleej Times.

17th March 2009. See article from advocacy.globalvoicesonline.org

Bloggers in the UAE are worried that YouTube may be banned in the Emirates, after access to photography hosting site Flickr has been totally blocked.

According to Press reports, YouTube is ranked among the top 10 most popular sites in the UAE and news about its possible censorship has sparked debate in the blogosphere.

The website Flickr.com breaches the prohibited content category of the UAE Telecommunications Regulatory Authority's Internet Access Management policy regarding sexual nudity, the censor said in a statement.

Due to technical difficulties, telecoms operator du was not able to block the site until last week, it said: Flickr.com as a site does not have the technical facility of blocking prohibited contents, and it cannot be partially blocked; such facility is available on YouTube, Facebook and other similar sites.

15th March 2009. See article from gulfnews.com

The Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (TRA) explained their part ban imposed on YouTube content in an official statement.

The content on the popular video sharing website came under the scanner when a cartoon, hurting religious and nationalistic sentiments uploaded on the site, resulted in heated public debate across the country.

Earlier in February, the TRA banned access to the cartoon clip, citing breach of prohibited content categories stipulated by them.

Speaking to Gulf News, an official said: It happens that some things can escape the proxy, especially clips with tags like a cartoon which in normal cases do not need to be blocked. But when the authority receives comments or feedback on a particular case, necessary action is taken promptly. In such cases, we ask the ISPs to manually block the contentd.

The prohibited content categories laid out by the TRA include gambling, pornography, content which is offensive to religions and terrorism related content.

Lieutenant-General Dahi Khalfan Tamim, Chief of Dubai Police called for YouTube to be banned a few days ago at a public function. However, the TRA clarified no official request had come to them yet regarding the total blocking of the site.

The cartoon in question shows two young Muslim characters who are constantly coerced by elders to become suicide bombers. It has Hebrew and English subtitles.

The state of Minnesota has decided to try its hand at Internet censorship. Officials from the Minnesota Alcohol and Gambling Enforcement Division have commanded Internet service providers to block almost 200 online gambling sites.

To reconcile its action with actual law and statutes, the Division is citing the federal Wire Act of 1961 as the basis for attempting to prevent residents from accessing online casinos. However, federal courts have ruled that the Wire Act pertains only to sports betting, which leaves Minnesota in an uncomfortable legal position.

Officials notified Comcast Cable, AT&T, Charter Communications, and eight other sources of Internet connections to respond within the next two to three weeks. ISP spokesmen had no immediate comment.

26th June 2010. Based on article from speroforum.com

Internet censorship is getting tighter in Vietnam. In recent days, student and young people have complained that local authorities have partially or wholly blocked access to sites like Facebook, the BBC Vietnamese service and Vietnamese media based abroad.

Many websites writing about democracy, freedom, justice and peace cannot be opened, Hanoi Catholics told AsiaNews.

22nd November 2009. Based on article from news.bbc.co.uk

Many of Vietnam's one million users have been reporting problems accessing Facebook, which recently launched a Vietnamese-language version, for days.

And workers at many web firms say the government ordered them to block it.

The freedom of expression afforded by the internet has certainly preoccupied the authorities in recent months. They have arrested several bloggers and online journalists, and ordered people to restrict their online writing to personal concerns.

14th February 2009. See article from earthtimes.org

Vietnamese police plan to soon shut down a popular website run by a Vietnamese-American entrepreneur for violating rules on copyright and political content, a police official said.

The search portal, timnhanh.com, belongs to VON, a company owned by Paul Nguyen Hung.

The newspaper Hanoi Security quoted police sources Wednesday as saying the website had hosted pornography as well as "misleading information" about the Vietnamese Communist Party and government policies.

Vietnamese media reported Wednesday that timnhanh.com had instead become an electronic news portal and had reprinted information from other news sources in violation of copyright laws and had published unauthorized political content.

Under Vietnam's Communist system, all domestic news organizations must be affiliated with the government.

11th April 2009. See article from advocacy.globalvoicesonline.org

On March 20, 2009 the Zimbabwean blog, Peace, love & happiness unto the whole world, was blocked.

The author of the blog, Eusebia, wrote a short post about it saying, I have not idea why my blog is being blocked…I refuse to be censored or cowered into silence by anyone because I know my human right of freedom of expression…